![]() On the other hand, within helping situations, it is the nonjudgmental acceptance attitude that may allow people to disengage from their own emotions and focus on those in need of help ( 23). On the one hand, the premise of prosocial behavior is being aware of the needs of others in the present this present-focused attention increases positive emotions and mindful awareness of individuals ( 19, 22). The reason why prosocial behaviors relate to mindfulness may be based on the relationships of their features. According to previous studies, individuals who exhibited a higher prosocial behavior trait reported a high level of mindfulness, especially the mindful attention awareness ( 20, 21). Prosocial behaviors include a range of positive and friendly behaviors that individuals display toward others ( 19). Mindfulness cultivates nonjudgmental, nonreactive attention to the present moment however, it can also be experienced in other ways, except for professional mindfulness training ( 17, 18). ![]() While monitoring the 42-day mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) process of 45 participants, Andreotti found that the degree of rumination decreased significantly after 1 week and 1 month ( 16). Shapiro trained 83 college students in mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) to reduce successfully the degree of rumination ( 15). Several studies have indicated that heightened mindfulness can decrease rumination, which in turn results in less depression and anxiety ( 11– 14). Second, mindfulness is characterized by an attitude of nonjudgmental acceptance of internal and external events ( 8). First, mindfulness involves bringing one's full attention to the present moment, rather than dwelling on past events or future possibilities ( 10). Mindfulness refers to the self-regulation of attention in the present moment without analyzing and criticizing, which involves two components. Mindfulness appears to be a different construct than distraction and may have greater potential as an alternative to ruminative thought processes ( 8, 9). However, this strategy only works for a short time and under certain conditions. Initial research has suggested that distraction is a coping skill that decreases rumination by discarding unpleasant thoughts and feelings, often by focusing on other thoughts or activities ( 7). ![]() ![]() Therefore, an important aim in mental health or psychotherapy is to find ways to cope with rumination. Studies have shown that rumination is highly correlated with negative emotion people have symptoms such as depression, anxiety, fear, and addiction largely because their attention is focused on deep rumination from which they find it difficult to extricate themselves ( 2– 6). Rumination is a coping style to distress that involves a repetitive and passive focus on symptoms of distress and the likely causes and consequences of these symptoms ( 1). ![]()
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